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Mounting of specimens is usually necessary to allow them to be handled easily. It also minimizes the amount of damage likely to be caused to the specimen itself. The mounting material used should not influence the specimen as a result of chemical reaction or mechanical stresses. It should adhere ... Read More
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When cutting a specimen from a larger piece of material, care must be taken to ensure that it is representative of the features found in the larger sample, or that it contains all the information required to investigate a feature of interest. One problem is that preparation of the specimen may ... Read More
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Differential Interference Contrast (DIC), also known as Nomarski Contrast, helps to visualize small height differences on the specimen surface, thus enhancing feature contrast. DIC uses a Wollaston prism together with a polarizer and analyzer whose transmission axes are perpendicular (crossed at 90°... Read More
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Brightfield (BF) illumination is the most common illumination technique for metallographic analysis. In incident BF, the light path comes from the light source, passes through the objective lens, is reflected off the surface of the specimen, returns through the objective, and finally reaches the ... Read More
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Metallography is the study of the microstructure of all types of metallic alloys. It can be more precisely defined as the scientific discipline of observing and determining the chemical and atomic structure and spatial distribution of the constituents, inclusions or phases in metallic alloys. By ... Read More
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The hardness of the material immediately surrounding a previously made indentation will usually increase due to the induced residual stress and work hardening caused by the indentation process. If a new indentation is made in this affected material, the measured hardness value will likely be higher ... Read More
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Two major reasons to do hardness testing for metal materials: a, to verify the heat treatment of a part and to determine if a material has the properties necessary for its intended use; b, to determine the characteristics of materials whether qualified in industrial and R&D applications. Features of ... Read More
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Knoop hardness test usually refers to static indentations made with loads not exceeding 1 kgf. The indenter is Knoop elongated diamond pyramid. The procedure for testing is very similar to that of the standard Vickers hardness test, except that it is done on a microscopic scale with higher precision ... Read More
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The Vickers hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with a diamond indenter, in the form of a right pyramid with a square base and an angle of 136 degrees between opposite faces subjected to a load of 1 to 100 kgf. The full load is normally applied for 10 to 15 seconds. The two ... Read More
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The thickness of the specimen tested shall be such that no bulge or other marking showing the effect of the test force appears on the side of the piece opposite the indentation. The thickness of the material under test should be at least ten times the depth of the indentation, below table can also ... Read More
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